Denyse Sabagh

Partner

  • Denyse Sabagh
  • Phone: +1 202 776 7817

    Denyse Sabagh - LinkedIn Import to Address Book

  • Duane Morris LLP
    901 New York Avenue N.W., Suite 700 East
    Washington, DC 20001-4795
    USA

Denyse Sabagh practices in the areas of immigration and nationality law and litigation.

Ms. Sabagh has more than 30 years of experience in representing diverse clients. She helps corporate clients manage both inbound and outbound employment immigration. She is a recognized leader in all aspects of immigration law. She has in depth experience representing individual and corporate clients for all of their immigration needs including E, H, J, L, O, P, and TN non-immigrant and EB-1, PERMs, immigrant visas, EB 5 Immigrant Investor Visa, J-1 waivers and Outbound issues. She also represents clients in I-9 audits, complex immigration cases, consular processing and immigration ramifications of criminal charges. In addition, she represents family based clients. She is a frequently featured speaker at national, state, and local conferences and in national and international media.

She is a recognized leader in developing strategic business immigration programs and policies.

Ms. Sabagh is a former national president and general counsel of the American Immigration Lawyers Association and serves on its Board of Governors. She is the Vice Chair of the National Immigration Forum, the umbrella organization for organizations concerned about immigration. She is also on the Board of the Arab American Institute and Immigrants' List, the only pro-immigration PAC. Ms. Sabagh is also a former member of the Coordinating Committee on Immigration Law of the American Bar Association, former chair of the Continuing Legal Education Committee of the Fairfax County Bar Association and former member of board of directors of the American Civil Liberties Union National Capital Area Chapter. In 2010, Human Resource Executive magazine named her one of their Top 15 for Immigration Law. She has been listed in Washingtonian magazine consistently as best lawyer and in 2009, Washingtonian magazine listed Ms. Sabagh as one of 30 "Stars of the Bar" in Washington, D.C and in 2012 she featured in the Washingtonian. She is listed in Chambers Global and Chambers USA: America's Leading Business Lawyers for 2006 through 2023, and was awarded the first Rose Bouziane Nader Award by the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee in June 2006. This Award is given to an Arab American who exemplifies civic courage, organizing skills and significant achievement in advancing the just society with its pursuit of happiness, creativity and foresight. She also received the Hala Maksoud Award for Leadership in 2012.

Admitted to practice in the District of Columbia and Virginia, Ms. Sabagh is a member of the District of Columbia, Virginia State, Arlington County and Fairfax County bar associations, the 4th Circuit, the D.C. Circuit and the Maryland District Court. She is a 1977 magna cum laude graduate of George Mason University Law School and a graduate of the University of Maryland.

Honors and Awards

  • Listed in Lexology Thought Leaders: USA 2025 for Corporate Immigration

  • Listed in Chambers Global: Global Leading Lawyers for Business, 2006-2024 editions

  • Listed in Chambers USA: America's Leading Business Lawyers, 2006-2024 editions

  • Listed in The Legal 500, Hall of Fame in Immigration, 2021-2024

  • Listed in The Best Lawyers in America, 1995-2024

  • Listed in Who's Who Legal: Corporate Immigration, 2019-2024

  • Lawdragon 100 Leading Immigration Lawyer, 2023
  • Listed in 2021 and 2025 Lawdragon 500 Leading U.S. Corporate Employment Lawyers for Immigration

  • Listed in Washington, D.C. Super Lawyers

  • Referenced in Legal 500 U.S. Leading Lawyers for Immigration 2015-2019

  • Receipient of the Carol Weiss King Award from the National Immigration Project at the National Lawyers Guild Convention, 2019

  • Named to the 2019 Lawdragon Most Powerful Employment Lawyer "Hall of Fame"

  • Listed in 2017 Lawdragon/HR Executive Magazine Leading Employment Lawyers Guide
  • Received the Second Annual Duane Morris Pro Bono Leadership Award, which recognizes an attorney who exemplifies the spirit of pro bono. She was recognized for her pro bono aid to low-income immigrants throughout her career.
  • Listed in Who's Who Legal: Thought Leaders 2017
  • Listed in Lawdragon Top 20 Lawyers in Immigration Law, 2016
  • Named to Human Resource Executive magazine's Most Powerful Employment Attorneys list, 2016
  • Recognized as one of the world's leading Corporate Immigration lawyers, Who's Who of Corporate Immigration Lawyers, 2014-2015
  • Listed in Lawdragon's Nations' Top Corporate Employment Attorneys-Immigration, 2014
  • EB5 VerifiedEb5 verified by Eb5investors.com
  • Listed in Human Resource Executive's Most Powerful Employment Attorneys — Immigration , 2010-2014
  • Listed as one of 30 "Stars of the Bar" in Washington, D.C. by Washingtonian magazine, December 2009
  • Recipient of first Hala Maksoud Award by the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee for Leadership in the community - 2012
  • Recipient, first Rose Bouziane Nader Award by the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee for exemplifying civic courage, organizing skills and significant achievement in advancing a just society, 2006
  • Listed in The International Who's Who of Corporate Immigration Lawyers, 2000-present
    - Included on list of "Most Highly Regarded Individuals" for Washington, D.C., 2005
  • Listed in The Washingtonian as one of the top immigration lawyers in Washington, D.C., 2004 and 2009
  • Recipient, Edith Lowenstein Memorial Award for Excellence in Advancing The Practice of Immigration Law at the American Immigration Lawyers Association Annual Conference, 2003
  • Lawyers World Global Award, 2011
  • AV Preeminent® Peer Review Rated by Martindale-Hubbell®

Professional Activities

  • American Bar Association
    - Coordinating Committee on Immigration Law, 1997-2001
  • The District of Columbia Bar
  • The Virginia State Bar
  • Arlington County Bar Association
  • Fairfax County Bar Association
    -Chair, Continuing Legal Education Committee, 1982-1984
  • American Immigration Lawyers Association
    - Member, Board of Governors, 1988-present
    - Chair, Legislative Advocacy Committee, 2001-present
    - General Counsel, 2003-2005
    - Former Chair, EB-5 Liaison Committee
  • Chair, Enforcement Liaison Committee with the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1999
    - Member, Board of Governors, 1988-present
    - President, 1996-1997
    - President Elect, 1995-1996
    - First Vice President, 1994-1995
    - Second Vice President, 1993-1994
    - National Secretary, 1991-1992
    - Chair, 1990 Annual Conference
    - Co-Chair, Business Immigration Conference, 1998
    - Chair, Second Annual Capital Conference, 1987
    - Chair, First Annual Capital Conference, 1986
    - Co-Chair, National Committee on Legislation, 1985-1986
    President and Secretary, Washington, D.C. Chapter, 1983-1985
  • American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee
    -Recipient of First Legal Award, 1994
  • American Civil Liberties Committee
    - Chair, National Capital Chapter, Civil Liberties Summit Committee, 1999
  • Middle East Asylum Project, 1994-present
  • Human Rights Delegations, 1993, 1987
  • Adviser to Presidential Transition Team Immigration Group, 1992
  • Expert Witness, Commonwealth of Virginia vs. Regina Magalena Buzan, Case No. CR 54205, Circuit Court for Prince William County, Virginia, 2004

Civic and Charitable Activities

  • D.C. Rape Crisis Center
    - President, 1979-1981
    - Board Member, 1978-1981
  • Washington Peace Center
    - Advisory Council, 1992-1995

Representative Matters

  • Represented a client who had been denied visas due to criminal charges/convictions which had been incorrect decisions; successfully had those grounds of inadmissibility removed by a Legal Advisory Opinion from the State Department withdrawing those grounds.

  • Successfully obtained an O-1 extraordinary ability visa for a Chief Technology Officer/Chemist in the specialized field of plastics recycling, making unrecyclable plastic waster and ocean plastics into high performance material for everyday use.

  • Successfully represented a Singapore citizen who was deemed inadmissible for smuggling by obtaining an Advisory Opinion from the State Department arguing the Embassy’s decision was incorrect as a matter of law.

  • Successfully obtained an O-1 extraordinary ability visa for a President/Chief Executive Officer of a large multi-national lumber company with a significant number of sawmills.

  • Represented a scholar employed at Atlantic Council, a leading D.C. Think Tank, in a federal district court mandamus complaint to force the Immigration Service to adjudicate his long-pending green card application. After filing, the case was immediately scheduled for interview, approved, and the green card was issued within two months, which allowed the scholar to travel freely for his work and reside permanently in the United States with his family.

  • Represented a global analytics provider and its employee in a Federal Court Administrative Procedure Act challenge to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services’ (USCIS) denial of an H-1B visa for the employee to work as a data analyst, on the grounds that this is not a “specialty occupation” under applicable law. Established that USCIS's decision was “arbitrary and capricious”, court’s jurisdiction was not divested by government’s attempt to reopen, and won injunctive relief requiring USCIS to grant the visa.

  • Represented major corporation and obtained approval of complicated H-1B petition for a Computer Systems Analyst.

  • Obtained naturalization for complicated Syrian client.

  • Represented well-known Think Tank in obtaining complex H-1B visas.

  • Represented technology company in obtaining H-B visas for IT professionals.

  • Obtained O1 visa for Extraordinary Ability in the Arts for two architect/designers.

  • Conducted immigration due diligence for a buyer in an acquisition of 11 Montessori schools, including analysis of how one school being partially owned by immigrant investors affected the transaction.

  • Obtained an EB5 Immigrant Visa, which involved a very difficult and elaborate tracing of funds from Iraq.

  • Obtained an I-601A waiver on an expedited basis for a Mexican citizen stuck outside of the U.S. who was married to a disabled USC spouse.

  • Obtained approval of a complicated L1A Intracompany Transferee for a Brazilian Public Affairs Consulting Firm with a small US office.

  • Obtained a J-1 visa waiver, which is based on exceptional hardship to her two-year-old U.S. citizen daughter, on behalf of a Greek physician living in the United States on a J-1 visa for her fellowship in hematology and oncology.

  • Represented Unilife Corp. (Nasdaq: UNIS / ASX: UNS) in connection with its announced effort to seek strategic alternatives, culminating in a strategic collaboration with Amgen Inc. (Nasdaq: AMGN) for Unilife's wearable injectable drug delivery systems to use with Amgen's biologics and other medicines. The deal provides Unilife with investments of up to $90 million from Amgen and restructures Unilife's existing debt with OrbiMed.

  • Obtained the approval of 212(i) waiver of inadmissibility from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services for a very complex case, the purpose of which is to provide humanitarian relief and promote family unity.

  • Represented a Boston based fund in reviewing a number of EB-5 documents in connection with a real estate construction project at a western resort.

  • Represented a regional center in connection with full documentation of an EB-5 project to finance the development of a hotel in Boston.

  • Represented a mid-west nursing home chain to review and revise EB-5 documentation for an EB-5 financing to construct a new nursing home as part of a chain of nursing homes.

  • Prepared an emergency motion to reopen deportation proceedings and an emergency stay of deportation that was granted by the Board of Immigration Appeals in a complex political asylum case.

  • Obtained a victory before the Arlington Immigration Court, securing a waiver of deportation under 212(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act.

  • Counsel to Palestinian pulmonary and critical Fellow at the George Washington University Hospital who was denied a green card based upon allegations that he provided material support for terrorism, even though the Israeli Military Court previously dismissed the charges. Successful outcome in Immigration Court where the Judge granted his application for a green card. He will now be able to finish his medical fellowship and remain in the U.S. with his U. S. citizen wife and children.

  • Counsel to information technology companies for all immigration matters including H-1B and TN visas; labor certifications, green cards and consular processing; complex and difficult issues successfully resolved.

  • Counsel to large Health Care organization for all immigration matters including H-1B and TN visa, labor certifications, green cards, and consular processing; complex and difficult issues successfully resolved.

  • Counsel to a company in an I-9 Audit from the Immigration & Naturalization Service. Negotiated settlement favorable to client.

  • Secured asylum for a pro bono client, a young Iraqi journalist who is in the United States as an exchange student at American University. His asylum status allows him to stay in the United States indefinitely, be able to work, and apply for a green card after one year.

  • Obtained the approval of an O-1 visa, reserved for individuals with extraordinary ability, for a Canadian citizen to accept a high level executive position with Aramark.

  • Counsel to a long-term permanent resident with a very large family of U.S. citizens/permanent residents who own businesses in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area in a deportation proceeding on a difficult cancellation of removal case. Result allowed client to maintain his permanent residence and reside in the United States.

  • Counsel to individuals in post 9/11/02 secret hearings and material witness warrant cases before the Immigration Court and the U.S. District Court in Eastern District of Virginia.

  • Counsel to Jordan-born client in rare federal court challenge to denial of application for naturalization. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services accused client of lack of good moral character and alleged affiliation with Muslim organizations adverse to the U.S. Won case; in 90-page decision, the court ordered the client qualified for citizenship.

  • Counsel to a company for immigration issues regarding foreign nurse recruitment in the Philippines, Canada and other countries; assistance in obtaining permanent residence and non-immigrant visas.

  • Counsel to multinational company for all immigration matters including L-1 transfer of foreign nationals, H-1B, E - treaty visa and permanent residence and complex immigration issues.

  • Counsel to foreign embassies regarding immigration and international dispute issues.

  • Counsel regarding religious worker visas.

Areas of Practice

  • Immigration and Nationality Law and Litigation

Admissions

  • Virginia
  • Washington, D.C.
  • Supreme Court of the United States
  • U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
  • U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia
  • U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
  • U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland
  • Supreme Court of Virginia
  • Supreme Court of Maryland

Education

  • George Mason University Antonin Scalia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, 1977

Experience

  • Duane Morris LLP
    - Partner, 1997-present
  • Metzger, Hollis, Gordon & Alprin, Washington, D.C.
    - Partner, 1977-1997

Board Memberships

  • Board of Governors, American Immigration Lawyers Association, 2017
  • Board of Directors, American Immigration Council, 2017
  • National Immigration Forum — Board of Directors — 2011 to present; Vice Chair — 2013 to present
  • Arab American Institute — Board of Directors — 2011 to present
  • Immigrants List — Board of Directors 2008-present
  • Board of Directors, Association to Invest in USA, The EB-5 Regional Center Investment Program
  • American Civil Liberties Union, Board of Directors, National Capital Area Chapter, 2000
  • National Multicultural Institute, 1990-present
    - President, 2004-present
  • Potomac Massage Training Institute, 1990-2001
    - President, 1991-1994

Selected Publications

Selected Speaking Engagements

  • Speaker, "Takeaways, Strategy to Build Skill," American Immigration Lawyers Association 2023 Federal Court Litigation Institute, March 21, 2023 
  • Moderator, "Foreign Investment Incentives and Hurdles - EB 5 Immigrant Investor Visas," Immigrant's List Civic Action First Annual Immigration Policy and Advocacy Virtual CLE, September 16, 2022
  • Panelist, "Employment-Based Immigrants: The Preference Categories," American Immigration Lawyers Association Annual Conference, June 17, 2022
  • Speaker, "Turning the Page: Immigration Changes from the New Administration," Duane Morris Institute (DMi), Webinar, February 18, 2021
  • Speaker, "Key Wage-and-Hour Issues for Remote Workers," The New Reality of Workplace Law and Practice in the COVID-19 Era, Duane Morris LLP, Webinar, November 11, 2020
  • Speaker, "US Immigration Under COVID-19 Measures," Expatise, Webinar, July 24, 2020

  • Speaker, “Anticipating Suing the Government: 'Game On!'" 2019 AILA Spring Federal Court Litigation Conference, Chicago, March 12, 2019

  • Speaker, "School’s Out - J-1 (Exchange Visitor), F-1(Student) and M-1 Panel - Best Practices for International Students, Interns, and Trainees," South Florida Chapter of the American Immigration Lawyers Association 40th Annual Immigration Law Update, Miami, March 1, 2019

  • Speaker, "Don’t Stop Bellievin’ - How To Build, Maintain And Strengthen Your Practice,"  South Florida Chapter of the American Immigration Lawyers Association 40th Annual Immigration Law Update, Miami, February 28, 2019

  • Speaker, “FBI and Law Enforcement: Why They Want Your Client, What to Do and How to Turn the Tables,” The American Immigration Lawyers Annual Conference, San Francisco, June 13-16, 2018

  • Speaker, “The Sting: What To Do When ICE Surprises You with an I9 Audit” and “Dangerous Liaisons: Representing the High-Risk Client,” American Immigration Lawyers Association, 39th Annual South Florida Chapter Immigration Conference, Miami, March 22, 2018

  • Interviewed, Al Arabiya Television News Channel regarding the Supreme Court Decision on blocking the injunction on the President's latest travel ban, December 5, 2017

  • Speaker, "Ethical Issues in I-140 Employment Based Visa Petition and I-485 Applications for Permanent Residency Application Scenarios," New Jersey Institute for Continuing Legal Education Advanced Corporate Immigration Seminar-Don’t Cross That Line! Ethics For Immigration Practitioners, Newark, NJ, November 15, 2017

  • Speaker, "Overview of Recent Developments in Immigration Law," AILA Central Florida Chapter Annual Conference, Orlando, October 27, 2017
  • Appeared on AlJeezera's "London Newshour Television Show" to Discuss the Latest Supreme Court Decision to Accept the Travel Ban Case, June 30, 2017
  • Speaker, "Cultural Awareness: How to Promote Diversity and Inclusion," Annual American Immigration Lawyer's Conference, New Orleans, LA, June 21, 2017
  • Speaker, "Immigration and Visas in Today's Environment," Human Resources Think Tank Forum at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC, May 12, 2017
  • Speaker, " Changes in Business Immigration," The New Jersey Institute for Continuing Legal Education-17th Annual Immigration Conference, Newark, NJ, April 26, 2017
  • Speaker, "Sweeping New Immigration Regulations for Highly Skilled Workers," Webinar, March 15, 2017
  • Panelist, "The US Immigration Scene Post Election Day," Global Immigration Law Summit, London, February 28, 2017
  • Interviewed on Al Jazeera Arabic News Show on "The Trump Era, the President's Executive Order Banning Certain Countries and Suspending the U.S. Refugee Program," February 5, 2017
  • Panelist, "Takoma Park Sanctuary City Ordinance," Takoma Park Community Center, Takoma Park Maryland, February 4, 2017
  • Appeared on the NPR Show 1A on the Executive Order Barring Entry nationals from Iran, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen into the U.S., January 31, 2017
  • Appeared on Al Jazeera News Show on Executive Order Barry Entry of nationals from Iran, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen into the U.S., January 31, 2017
  • Panelist, "American Values at a Crossroads: An Examination of Immigration Law and Policies," Washington D.C. October 1, 2016
  • Panelist, "Advanced Issues in Representing Individual Investors," American Immigration Lawyers Association, Washington, D.C. October 24-25, 2016
  • Speaker, "Conversations with American Immigration Lawyers Association EB 5 Committee," Teleconference, Wednesday, March 16, 2016
  • Panelist, "The New Face of US Immigration: 2015 and Beyond - Higher Walls, Wider Gates?" 7th Biennial International Bar Association Global Immigration Conference, London, November 18-20, 2015
  • Panelist, "Who's Watching? What the Government Knows About Your Client," New Jersey Institute for Continuing Legal Education, Advanced Corporate Immigration Law Conference: Issues for Attorneys, In-House Counsel & Human Resources Personnel, Newark, New Jersey, November 11, 2015
  • Speaker, "Representing Entrepreneurs Interested in Investing in the USA," American Immigration Law Association, Washington D.C. Chapter Webinar, November 10, 2015
  • Speaker, "Hot Topics, Legislative Update, and Open Q&A Panel," 2015 EB-5 Investors Summit: Representing EB-5 Investors and Regional Centers in a Time of Change, American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA), August 27-28, 2015
  • Panelist, "Understanding Investors' I-526 and I-829 Petitions and Processes," Second Annual Las Vegas EB-5 Conference, hosted by eb5 Investors Magazine, January 16-17, 2015
  • Moderator, "Advanced Issues in Representing Individual Investors" and Program Chair, 2014 American Immigration Lawyers Association EB-5 Investors and Regional Centers Conference, Chicago, August 22-23, 2014
  • Speaker, "Duane Morris' Developments in Workplace Law & Practice 2014," New York, May 6, 2014
  • Moderator, "Prospects of Immigration Reform 2014," Immigrants' List Tele-Townhall Meeting, January 16, 2014
  • Speaker, "Global Immigration Trends" National Association Of Foreign Student Advisors Embassy Dialogue Committee's Annual Fall Workshop, Embassy of France, Washington, D.C., October 16, 2013
  • Speaker, "Challenging Business Denials in Federal Court," American Immigration Lawyers Association Annual Conference, Hilton Hotel, San Francisco, CA. June 28, 2013
  • Speaker, "Immigration and You," American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee's National Convention, Washington Marriott Wardman Park Hotel, Washington, D.C., June 16, 2013
  • Speaker, "Stateside Provisional Waivers," Developments in Immigration Law and Removal Defense seminar, Boston University School of Law, May 2, 2013
  • Speaker, "The Hottest Issues and Developments in Immigration Law" and "Advanced Issues in Adjustment of Status," AILA South Florida 34th Annual Immigration Law Update, Miami Beach, February 7, 2013
  • Speaker, "Out of Time or Out of Numbers: Solutions For H-1Bs (Professional Workers)," AILA Mid-Year Conference in Panama City, Panama, January 25, 2013
  • Speaker, "How Best to Prepare For and Deal with Federal Investigations of Employers of Foreign Nationals," American Immigration Lawyers Association, D.C. Chapter Fall Conference, University of Maryland, November 14, 2012
  • Speaker, "Litigating the Employment Based Visa Petitions, Immigrant Investor Visa Petitions and Adjustment of Status to Permanent Residence in District Court," Immigrants List First Annual CLE Immigration Litigation Seminar, Jungle Island, Miami, Florida, October 26, 2012
  • Speaker, "Turning Your Treaty Investor Visa Into a Green Card Immigrant Investor Visa," 26th Annual American Immigration Lawyers Association, Central Florida Chapter Seminar, Sheraton Sand Key, Clearwater Beach, Florida, October 5-6, 2012
  • Speaker, "How Can I Miss You if You Won't Go Away? Abandonment of Lawful Permanent Residence," American Immigration Lawyers Association Annual Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, June 14, 2012
  • Speaker, "Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility," ILW.com EB-5 Immigrant Investor Visa Workshop, Nashville, Tennessee, June 13, 2012
  • Speaker, "Regional Centers," U.S. Pan Asian Chamber of Commerce, Bethesda, Maryland, June 5, 2012
  • Speaker, "EB 5— Immigrant Investor Visas For Beginners," New Jersey Institute for Continuing Legal Education Advanced Corporate Immigration Law Conference, Newark, New Jersey, November 9, 2011
  • Moderator, "H-1B Surprise Visits, DOL and LCA Audits and ICE and I-9 Audits," American Immigration Lawyers Association, D.C. Chapter 2011 Fall Conference, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, November 4, 2011
  • Speaker, "E-2 and L-1 Visas: Alternative Choices in Today's Economy," American Immigration Lawyers Association Central Florida Chapter Annual Conference, Clearwater, Florida, October 21, 2011
  • Moderator, "Taming the Wild Horses: Learning to Lasso Labor Law Issues," American Immigration Lawyers Association National Fall Conference, Denver, Colorado, September 16, 2011
  • Panelist, "EB-5 Lore vs. EB-5 Law" and "Ethical Issues and Minimizing Risks," American Immigration Lawyers Association's EB-5 Investors & Regional Centers—Emerging Issues & Winning Strategies for Your Clients and Your Practice, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 14, 2011
  • Speaker, "Causes of Action & Pre-filing Considerations," American Immigration Lawyers Association's Federal Court Immigration Litigation CLE Practicum, Atlanta, Georgia, March 3-4, 2011
  • Speaker, "EB-5 Lore v. EB-5 Law," American Immigration Lawyers Association 2010 EB-5 Investors CLE Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, August 27, 2010
  • Speaker, "Blast from the Past: The Impact of Old Laws on Present-Day Practice," American Immigration Lawyers Association annual conference, National Harbor, Maryland, June 30-July 3, 2010
  • Speaker, "Duane Morris' Developments in Workplace Law & Practice 2010," New York, May 12, 2010
  • Speaker, "Duane Morris' Developments in Workplace Law & Practice 2010," Washington, D.C., May 11, 2010
  • Speaker, "Practical Guidance When Defending Aliens on U.S. Criminal Charges," D.C. Bar CLE program, Washington, D.C., December 14, 2009
  • Panelist, "How to Respond to Requests for Evidence in Employment-Based Visa Petitions," New Jersey Institute for Continuing Legal Education Advanced Corporate Immigration Law Conference, Newark, New Jersey, November 4, 2009
  • Speaker, "EB-5 Immigrant Investor Visa Conference—New Opportunities for Your Clients and Your Practice," National American Immigration Lawyers Association Conference, San Francisco, California, October 19, 2009
  • Speaker, "EB-5—Immigrant Investor Visa Update," Central Florida Chapter Conference of the American Immigration Lawyers Association, Clearwater Beach, Florida, October 16, 2009
  • Speaker, "The New Form I-9," Business 21 Publishing webinar, July 21, 2009
  • Speaker, Immigration Law and Policy, How the Law Is Implemented, Immigration Reform and the Latest Political Climate," Osher Lifelong Learning Institute, American University Katzen Arts Center, June 25, 2009
  • Speaker, "Interplay Between Immigration Law and Labor/Employment Law," American Immigration Lawyers Association audio seminar, June 16, 2009
  • Panelist, "Breakfast with the Experts," American Immigration Lawyers Association Annual Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 3-6, 2009
  • Speaker, FBI Washington Field Office's Special Agent Conference, Quantico, Virginia, May 7, 2009
  • Speaker, "New Office Subsidiary or Affiliate: Investment Alternatives for Immigrant Entrepreneurs," DC Bar, International Law Section Seminar, Washington, D.C., April 22, 2009
  • Speaker, "Advanced Issues in F-1 Student Processing," New Jersey Immigration Continuing Legal Education Seminar, Newark, New Jersey, March 11, 2009
  • Speaker, "Employer Liability for Undocumented Workers, Managing Risk and Avoiding Prosecution in an Era of Heightened Enforcement," Strafford Publications teleconference, June 17, 2008
  • Speaker, "Immigration Law: Basics and More," ALI-ABA course of study, The Madison Hotel, Washington, D.C., May 8-9, 2008
  • Speaker, "Best Practices for Responding to a DOL Audit and the Latest Guidance from the Department of Labor on the Attorney's Role in the Recruitment Process," Sponsorship of Foreign Workers Under Heightened Scrutiny, Strafford Publications teleconference, September 11, 2008
  • Speaker, "New Border Systems, Security Checks and Visa Processing," The Latest in Business Immigration - Ensuring Compliance When Hiring Foreign Nationals seminar, Baltimore, Maryland, April 29, 2008
  • Speaker, "Immigration Law and Policy and the Current Political Climate," United Democrats of Frederick, Maryland, Central Committee seminar, April 7, 2008
  • Speaker, "Introducing Your Own Documentary and Testimonial Evidence," National Immigration Project's Annual Conference on "Evidentiary Issues In Immigration Proceedings," Washington, D.C., October 31, 2007
  • Speaker, "Update on Employment Enforcement," New Jersey Institute for Continuing Legal Education's 8th Annual Immigration Conference, Seton Hall Law School, Newark, New Jersey, February 27, 2008
  • Speaker, "Raids and Criminal Prosecution, I-9 Compliance, Contractor Declarations, Compliance Policies and Audits, and Trends and Outlook for Employers," Legal Publishing Group of Strafford Publications teleconference, "Employer Liability For Undocumented Workers - Strategies for Managing Risk and Avoiding Prosecution in an Era of Heightened Enforcement," October 23, 2007
  • Panelist and speaker, "Investment Visas: Treaty Investors (E-1 and E-2), Employment Creation Green Card Investments (EB 5,) Multinational Executives/Managers'/Specialized Knowledge(L-1), and Tax Issues for Investors," American Immigration Lawyers Association, Central Florida Chapter's 21st Annual Fall Conference, Clearwater, Florida, October 12-13, 2007
  • Speaker, "Unlawful Presence For the Business Practitioner," American Immigration Law Association seminar, March 27, 2007
  • Speaker, "What To Do When The Government Knocks At Your Door: Dealing with Trouble," Council on Education Management's "Immigration Law Update 2007, Ensuring Compliance to Avoid Costly Fines and Minimize Liability Risks," Baltimore, Maryland, March 3, 2007
  • Panelist, "Update on Employment Enforcement," New Jersey Institute For Continuing Legal Education's "Seventh Annual Immigration Conference," Seton Hall University School of Law, New Jersey, March 2007
  • "Immigration Law Issues in Criminal and Divorce Matters," Fairfax County Bar Association's "Immigration Law for the Busy Practitioner" seminar, Fairfax, Virginia, September 28, 2006
  • Moderator, "Will Your Filing Trigger an NTA (beginning of deportation proceedings) or Arrest," American Immigration Lawyers Association, July 25, 2006
  • Moderator, "General Counsel Open Forum Panel," American Immigration Lawyers Association Annual Conference, San Antonio, Texas, June 22-23, 2006
  • Panelist, "Employment-Based Non-Immigrant Visas," American Immigration Lawyers Association Annual Conference, San Antonio, Texas, June 22-23, 2006
  • Speaker, "Irregular Migration and Security," Bellagio Dialogue on Migration, Bellagio, Italy, June 2006
  • Speaker, "Employer Liability for Undocumented Workers: Strategies for Managing Risk in an Era of Heightened Enforcement," Legal Publishing Group of Strafford Publications Teleconference Program, May 31, 2006
  • Speaker, "Naturalization to U.S. Citizenship," ALI-ABA Course of Study: Immigration Law: Basics and More, Washington, D.C., May 5, 2006
  • Speaker, "Using The Media To Promote Your Practice," American Immigration Lawyers Association Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, April 28, 2006
  • Speaker, "Retrogression of Employment-Based Visas: The New Reality for Business Immigration," American Immigration Lawyers Association Mid-Year Conference, Puerto Rico, January 20, 2006
  • Panelist, "Criminal Issues in Immigration Cases," American Immigration Lawyers Association's D.C. Chapter Fall Conference, November 14, 2005
  • Panelist, "Lessons Learned from the Battle for Civil Liberties," Network of Arab American Professionals Conference, October 1, 2005
  • Speaker, "Immigration Policies and their Effects on the Labor Movement," 2nd National Convention of United Latinos of the United Food and Commercial Workers Union, September 9, 2005
  • Speaker, "Customer Service," United States Citizenship & Immigration Services Annual Attorney Conference, July 14, 2005
  • Speaker, "How It All Works (or Doesn't): An Overview of the Immigration System and the Role of the Agencies, ALI-ABA Immigration Law Seminar, Washington, D.C., May 2005
  • Speaker, "The Impact that New Security Checks and Processing Backlogs have had on Schools, Artists, Entertainers and Businesses," 28th National Legal Conference on Immigration and Refugee Policy, Fordham University, April 2005
  • Moderator, "Ethics: It's Everyone's Business," American Immigration Lawyers Association's "Spring Business Immigration Conference," April 2005
  • Speaker, " Critical Issues in Hiring and Transferring International Personnel," National Manufacturing Week conference, March 2005
  • Panelist, "USCIS Headquarters and Service Center Issues," New Jersey Institute For Continuing Legal Education Fifth Annual Immigration Conference, March 2005
  • Speaker, "The Most Current Information Regarding Practice, Policies and Procedures at Citizenship & Immigration Services and Department of State and Legislative Initiatives Which Effect Your Business," National Manufacturing Week conference, March 2005
  • Panelist, "Surviving Requests for Evidence (RFEs) - Hs, Ls, Os, 1-140s, the Impact of the new Yates Memo," Florida State Bar Association's 26th Annual Immigration Law Update Conference, February 2005
  • Panelist, "Advanced Issues in Adjustment and Consular Processing," Florida State Bar Association's 26th Annual Immigration Law Update Conference, February 2005
  • Panelist, "Expert Roundtable to Cutting Edge Issues," Florida State Bar Association's 26th Annual Immigration Law Update Conference, February 2005
  • Speaker, "Immigration Update: The Most Current Information Regarding the Practices, Policies and Procedures at Citizenship and Immigration Services, President Bush's Immigration Initiative, and Legislative Initiatives," 2004 Annual Convention of the Hispanic National Bar Association, October 2004
  • Panelist, "Using Immigration Laws to Silence Political Opposition: The Denial of Immigration Benefits Post 9-11," National Lawyers Guild Convention, October 2004
  • Speaker, "Post 9/11 Changes in the Immigration Law and Implementation and the Immigration Ramifications of Criminal Convictions," American Immigration Lawyers Annual Conference, June 2004
  • Panelist, "Hot Topics - What's New in Immigration Court," American Immigration Lawyers Annual Conference, June 2004
  • Panelist, "Special Registration/National Security Entry Exit Registration," American Immigration Lawyers Annual Conference, June 2004
  • Panelist, "Sesno Reports: Press One For English," Town Hall Meeting broadcast on WETA TV 26, June 2004
  • Speaker, "Immigration Law for Judges," Judicial Conference of the Seventeenth District in the State of Maryland, May 2004
  • Panelist, "How It All Works (Or Doesn't!)" and "Practicing Before The Immigration Court," ALI-ABA Immigration Course of Study for In-House and Outside Counsel on Immigration Law, Washington, D.C., May 2004
  • Panelist, "Treatment of Immigrants," symposium titled In the Aftermath of September 11: Defending Civil Liberties in the Nation's Capital, Washington, D.C., November 11, 2003
  • Speaker, "Hot Topics in Immigration for Health Lawyers," National Teleconference sponsored by the American Health Lawyers Association, November 4, 2003
  • Panelist, "Criminal Issues in Immigration Proceedings," Board of Immigration Appeals' 2003 Conference, Arlington, Virginia, October 24, 2003
  • Panelist, "Non-immigrant and Immigrant Investors," A New Concept in Immigration Law Education, American Immigration Lawyers Association 2003 Fall Conference, San Antonio, Texas, September 19, 2003
  • Speaker, "Learning A New Language: Become Familiar With Immigration Processes and Procedures - How 9/11 Changed The Rules On Recruiting and Hiring Foreign Nationals," seminar conducted by the Society for Human Resources Management, Frederick County Chapter, Frederick, Maryland, July 29, 2003
  • Moderator, "Post 9-11 Regulatory and Legislative Changes," American Immigration Lawyers Association Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 21, 2003
  • Moderator, Plenary Panel, "National Security, MultiCulturalism and Peace Building," National MultiCultural Institute's Annual Conference, Washington, D.C., May 29, 2003
  • Speaker, "Looking Through The Proper Lens: The New Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS) and the Latest on Non Immigrant Visas," Business Immigration in the Age of Uncertainty, American Immigration Lawyers Association 2003 Spring Conference, Washington, D.C. Chapter, May 9, 2003
  • Speaker, "Litigation Under Homeland Security," A Question of Balance: Enforcement and Security, spring conference of the American Immigration Lawyers Association, Washington, D.C., March 28, 2003
  • Speaker, "Professional Visas (H-1B) and Intracompany Transferee Visas (L-1)," Immigration Law Update, Fairfax County Bar Association CLE seminar, Fairfax, Virginia, March 12, 2003
  • Speaker, "National Security, Civil Liberties After 9/11 and the Effect on Immigrants," Inns of Court Dinner, Cleveland, Ohio, December 11, 2002
  • Television interview, CNN Business News' Market Call: The Tough Call, regarding the proposed Earned Legalization and Family Unification Act of 2002, October 31, 2002
  • Panelist, "Entry Issues for Business Visitors," AILA's 2002 Global Immigration Summit, New York, NY, September 27, 2002
  • Panelist, "Ethics in the Post September 11th Environment," 2002 AILA Fall Conference," Toronto, Canada, September 13, 2002
  • Television interview, Al Jazeera Television, discussing changes to the immigration law, regulations, policies and procedures post-September 11, September 11, 2002
  • Interview, WPFW Pacifica Radio, as an immigration expert to discuss effects of 9/11, September 11, 2002
  • Radio interview, KNX-LA, CBS All News Radio, immigration law and INS requirements about notifying INS of any moves or face deportation, July 23, 2002
  • Speaker, "Criminal Immigration Law for the Business Immigration Lawyer," AILA Annual Conference, San Francisco, California, June 14, 2002
  • Moderator, "The Impact of 9/11 on Civil Rights," American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee's 19th Annual National Convention, Arlington, Virginia, June 7, 2002
  • Speaker, "What You Need to Know When Representing the Foreign Born," Legal Services Corporation's Annual Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, May 17, 2002
  • Moderator, "Increased Security at Consulates and Ports of Entry," American Immigration Lawyers Association, D.C. Chapter Annual Spring Conference on Business Immigration, Washington, D.C., May 3, 2002
  • Interview, Fox News with Britt Hume, as an expert on immigration law, March 14, 2002
  • Speaker, "INS Enforcement," American Immigration Lawyers Association Spring Conference, Washington, DC, March 8, 2002
  • Panelist, "How to Obtain and Prepare Declarations in Support of Various Immigration Petitions and Waivers," American Immigration Lawyers Association Pilot Conference The Essentials of Immigration Law For Paralegals, Legal Assistants and Law Office Staff, Washington, D.C., March 7, 2002
  • Guest, PBS's This is American With Dennis Wholey, discussing "Immigration-How Has 9/11 Affected America's Immigration Policy and Is America Still the 'Melting Pot'? Should it Be?"
  • Speaker, "Post September 11 Changes in Immigration Law, Regulations and Policy and Their Effects on the Muslim Community," The Islamic Weekend School of Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, February 17, 2002
  • "Civil Liberties and National Security From a Lawyer's Perspective," American Immigration Lawyers Association, 2002 CLE Conference, Coming to America: Entry Issues in the Current Immigration Landscape, Washington, D.C., January 18, 2002
  • "Civil Liberties as Risk," American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, National Press Club, Washington, D.C., December 14, 2001
  • "Key Immigration Provisions and Issues of the new Anti-Terrorism Legislation - Patriot Act," American Immigration Lawyers Association, Washington, D.C. Chapter 2001 Fall Conference on Anti-Terrorism Legislation, Washington, D.C., November 16, 2001
  • Speaker, Discussion Leader, American Immigration Lawyers Annual Conference, Boston, MA, June 22-23, 2001
  • "Legal Immigration and Family Equity Act," Community Town Hall Meeting as part of Howard University's Global Community Week, March 14, 2001
  • "Liberty and Justice Denied: The Struggle for Immigrant and Refugee Rights in America," American Bar Association Mid-Year Meeting, San Diego, California, February 16, 2001
  • Immigration Lawyers Association Teleconference, topic: the provisions and current implementation plans of the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Legal Immigration and Family Equity Act, January 24, 2001
  • "The Provisions and Current Implementation Plans of the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Legal Immigration and Family Equity Act," American Immigration Lawyers Association Teleconference, January 24, 2001
  • "The Legal Immigration and Family Equity Act," New Rules for the New Millennium Conference, Puerto Rico, January 19, 2001
  • "New Rules for the New Millennium" Conference, topic: the Legal Immigration and Family Equity Act, Puerto Rico, January 19, 2001
  • "Pleas, Pre and Post conviction Strategies" and "Waivers in Cases with Criminal Convictions," American Immigration Lawyers Association Washington, D.C. Chapter, 2000 Fall Conference, November 13, 2000
  • "Removal Proceeding, Grounds of Removal, Waivers and the Effects of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act," Immigration Law Practice Seminar for Paralegals, Arlington, Virginia, July 28, 2000
  • Guest Appearance, "Immigration Legislation Currently Pending in Congress," CNN International Q & A, July 17, 2000
  • "What Every Lawyer Needs to Know about Immigration Law," American Bar Association Annual Meeting 2000, New York, New York, July 7, 2000
  • Panelist, "INS Enforcement," American Immigration Lawyers Association Annual Conference, Chicago, Illinois, June 15-16, 2000
  • "Immigration Policy for the 21st Century-Building Bridges, Not Fences," American Immigration Lawyers Association Annual conference, Chicago, Illinois, June 15-16, 2000
  • Guest Appearance, "A Capital View," Arab News TV Network and Middle East Broadcasting Corporation, April 25, 2000
  • Participated in Washington Post.com - Live/On Line immigration issues, April 18, 2000
  • Guest Appearance, Canadian Broadcasting Company's show, News World Today and discussed the latest events in the Elian Gonzalez case, April 18, 2000
  • Guest Appearance and interview by Tom Gelton of National Public Radio to discuss whether violations by countries of International Human Rights Treaties provides a right to allow a person to stay in the United States, April 18, 2000
  • Guest Appearance, "Elian Gonzalez and U.S. Immigration Policy," Voice of America, World Net TV, The Steve Robert's Show, April 14, 2000
  • "U.S. Immigration Law and Policy and Issues of Importance to the Muslim Community," Dar El Hajrah, a Muslim Community Center and Mosque, Vienna, Virginia, April 9, 2000
  • "Roundtable with INS Enforcement and Border Officials," American Immigration Lawyers Associations Spring Conference, titled A Washington Town Meeting: Public Liaison Meetings with Government Decision-Makers, Washington, D.C., March 31, 2000
  • Seminar sponsored by the Fairfax Bar Association on Immigration and Business and Immigration and Criminal Law, March 21, 2000
  • "Immigration Act of 1996 and Its Effects on Deportation of Foreigners," EU Consular Affairs Counselors, Washington, D.C., March 15, 2000
  • Co-host, "It's Your Business," TV Show sponsored by the Arab-American Business and Professional Association (ANA), March 9, 2000
  • "Unlawful Presence, Extreme Hardship and What's Left of §245(i)," Florida State Bar 21st Annual Immigration Conference, Miami, Florida, February 18, 2000
  • "Proposed Changes to 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act," American Immigration Lawyers Association, National Immigration Rally, Washington, D.C., October, 1999
  • "Removal, Cancellation of Removal and Waivers," ALI-ABA Immigration Law for In-House and Outside Counsel, Washington, D.C., May 7, 1999
  • Second Annual Board of Immigration Appeals Conference, Easton, Maryland, April 26, 1999
  • Speaker and Panelist, "Immigration Consequences of Criminal Convictions," Fairfax Bar Association's Immigration & Business and Immigration & Criminal Law Conference, Fairfax, Virginia, February 16, 1999
  • "Recent Developments in the Investor Visa Program: The Impossible Dream? Hot Topics in Employment Based Immigration," American Immigration Lawyers Association Conference, Ixtapa, Mexico, January 23, 1999
  • Speaker and Moderator, "Immigration Ramifications of Criminal Convictions," Immigration Consequences and Criminal Convictions Conference, American Immigration Lawyers Association, Washington, D.C., November 20, 1998
  • "How to Go From Visitor to Worker: Intracompany Transferees, North American Free Trade Agreement Visas, Treaty Traders/Investors, to Permanent Residence," Immigration Law Basics Conference, American Immigration Lawyers Association, Washington, D.C., November 20, 1998
  • Keynote speaker, "Hot Topics in Immigration Law," American Immigration Lawyers Association, Washington, D.C., November 20, 1998
  • Panelist, "The Role of Foreign Student Advisors and Ethical Responsibilities Under the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996," National Association of Foreign Student Advisors Annual Conference, Washington, D.C., May 29, 1998
  • "Recent Developments at the Immigration and Naturalization Service and Updates on Practice and Procedure," Second Annual Large Firm Immigration Seminar, Washington, D.C., May 20, 1998
  • "Immigration Ramifications of Criminal Convictions," Fairfax County Bar Association's Court Appointed Attorney Seminar, Fairfax, Virginia, April 13, 1998
  • "Roadblocks to Becoming Naturalized, Legal Challenges Affecting the Foreign Born -- Issues and Challenges for Human Service Providers, Fairfax County Government, Fairfax, Virginia, March 12, 1998
  • Featured Guest, The World, radio show sponsored by the BBC and Boston public radio. Addressed the issue of naturalization, the long backlogs and the Immigration and Naturalization Services' response to the problems, March 10, 1998
  • "Removal Cancellation of Removal and Waivers," Course Study for In-house and Outside Counsel on Immigration Law, American Law Institute-American Bar Association, February 12, 1998
  • "U.S. Immigration and Law," European Project on Current Social, Political and Economic Issues, January 26, 1998
  • Panelist, "Department of Health and Human Services Office of Refugee Resettlement Annual Conference," November, 13, 1997
  • Guest Appearance, NET TV's Legal Notebook, discussed immigration reform and the U.S. Supreme Court's denial of certiorari of the Ninth Circuit case brought by the Governor of California requesting reimbursement from the federal government for costs associated with illegal immigrants, November 3, 1997
  • "Post-Conviction Relief, Latest Strategies for Representing Noncitizens in Removal Proceedings and Avoiding Immigration Consequences of Criminal Conduct," National Immigration Project of the National Lawyers Guild, October 15, 1997
  • Panelist, "Career Steps: What's Next?" 1997 Judicial Law Clerk Conference, U.S. Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review, October 3, 1997
  • Panelist, "The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996," Bad Bills Make Bad Laws, American Arab Antidiscrimination Committee's Annual Conference, Arlington, Virginia, June 13, 1997
  • "General Overview: Changes in Immigration Laws," Changes Impacting Immigrant Communities: Issues and Challenges for Human Service Providers, Fairfax County, Center for Multicultural Human Services, Hispanic Committee of Virginia, League of United Latin American Citizens, June 5, 1997
  • "Immigration Ramifications of Criminal Convictions under the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act of 1996," Independent Public Defenders Association of the District of Columbia, Fairfax County Bar Association, June 5, 1997
  • Panelist, "American Muslims: Suspect in America," Muslim America: Becoming a Political Reality, American Muslim Council Annual Convention, April 26, 1997
  • The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace for the Salvadoran Presidential Commission, participant in working group to assess the situation of Salvadorans in the United States and to promote efforts that will address their concerns and the concerns of the Salvadoran government, April 25, 1997
  • Keynote Speaker, "A Political and Legislative Analysis of the New Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996," American Immigration Lawyers Association Missouri-Kansas Conference, April 21, 1997
  • Panelist, "Changes in Document Fraud, Employer Sanctions, and IRCA (Immigration Reform and Control Act) Discrimination, "Immigration Law Changes, Federal Bar Association, April 17, 1997
  • Commentator, "New Immigration Law, "FOX Television Morning News, April 1997
  • "Immigration Consequences of Criminal Convictions in Light of Newly Passed Legislation," Criminal Law Section of the Fairfax County Bar Association, April 1997
  • "Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996," Mujeres Unidas: Taking the Initiative, International Women's Conference on Immigration Reform Issues, co-sponsored by the League of United Latin American Citizens and the Hispanic Women's Leadership Council, Houston, Texas, March 22, 1997
  • Keynote Speaker, "Immigration Practice After April 1, 1997: IIRAIRA and New Regulations," the Annual Midwest Regional Conference of the Greater Chicago American Immigrant Lawyers Association, Chicago, Illinois, March 21, 1997
  • "Gill Gross Show," discussing legal, political, social and moral concerns about immigrants who commit crimes, New York, New York, March 14, 1997
  • "Preparing Winning Cases: A Governmental Perspective," Arab Immigration Lawyers Association, Central Florida Chapter, October 1996
  • Faculty Member, Practicing Law Institute's 27th, 28th and 29th Annual Immigration and Naturalization Institute, 1994, 1995 and 1996
  • "Deportation, Exclusion, Discretionary Relief and Waivers," ALI/ABA Professional Education 1991, 1990, 1989
  • "Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, "University of Texas 20th Annual Conference on Immigration & Nationality Law, October 1996
  • "How to Prepare and Win §212(c) Cases," AILA Annual Conference, 1989
  • "Product Liability in the U.S.," German American Chamber of Commerce, 1986